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The Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial
    Posted: 05/22/2003    Updated: 12/12/2007
Related Pages:
The SELECT Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial 1
A collection of material about SELECT (Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial), which will determine whether these two dietary supplements can protect against prostate cancer.

Prostate Cancer Home Page 2
NCI's gateway for information about prostate cancer.

Prostate Cancer (PDQ®): Prevention 3
Expert-reviewed information summary about factors that may influence the risk of developing prostate cancer and about research aimed at the prevention of this disease. (Health professional version.)
Introduction

PCPT-At-A-Glance

NCI Materials

PCPT Publications

Multimedia

Introduction

The Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial, or PCPT, is a study designed to see whether the drug finasteride (trade name Proscar) can prevent prostate cancer in men ages 55 and older. (See a summary of the protocol 4.)

Prostate Cancer Prevention TrialIn June 2003, the PCPT was stopped early because of a clear finding that finasteride reduced the incidence of prostate cancer. However, those trial participants who did develop prostate cancer while taking finasteride experienced a slightly higher incidence of high-grade tumors. Researchers analyzing the data have shown that because men taking finasteride have a reduced prostate size, this contributes to finding more high-grade tumors on biopsy. Additionally, researchers also found that high-grade cancer was detected earlier and in a less extensive stage in the finasteride group than in the placebo group.

Specimens from the PCPT biorepository are also available for research by other groups. Guidelines 5 on how to get access to the PCPT biospecimens were released in late 2006.

The links on the left of this page will take you to more detailed information about the trial and its results so far.

Prostate cancer is a critical public health problem: more than 220,000 men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer in the United States this year and almost 29,000 will die of the disease.

PCPT-At-A-Glance

Main Objective
To see whether the drug finasteride (Proscar™) can prevent prostate cancer in men age 55 and older.

Enrollment Period
October 1993 - May 1997

Participants
18,882 men: 92 percent white, 4 percent African American, 4 percent other races/ethnicities

Intervention
Men were randomly assigned to take either 5 milligrams of finasteride or a placebo (dummy pill) once daily for seven years. All men had an annual digital rectal exam and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test. At the end of the seven years, men who had not been diagnosed with prostate cancer were asked to have a prostate biopsy to see if they were truly cancer free.

Criteria for Participation

  • Men, age 55 and older
  • General good health
  • No evidence of prostate cancer at beginning of trial
  • Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) 3 ng/ml
  • Willing to have a prostate biopsy at the end of the study

Study Sites
222 centers, located in the United States and Canada

Additional Study Objectives

  • To determine if finasteride affects the stage and grade of prostate cancers
  • To see if finasteride affects the number of deaths from prostate cancer and the number of deaths from all cancers
  • To see if finasteride changes the occurrence and type of noncancerous prostate growth
  • To estimate the accuracy of digital rectal exam and PSA testing -- separately and together -- in detecting whether a man has prostate cancer
  • To measure how long-term treatment with finasteride affects a man's urinary and sexual function

NCI Materials

The following links will take you to press releases and other materials concerning the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial that have been prepared by the National Cancer Institute's Office of Communications and Education:

Press Releases
Some Men with Low PSAs Have Prostate Cancer 6
(Posted: 05/26/2004) - Men with low PSA (prostate specific antigen) levels on screening tests can still have prostate cancer, according to a study released today by scientists from the National Cancer Institute (NCI), part of the National Institutes of Health, and the Southwest Oncology Group, an NCI-funded network of researchers.

First Prostate Cancer Prevention Drug Found, But Not All Men Benefit: NCI Announces Results of Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial 7
(Posted: 06/24/2003) - Men who took finasteride, a drug that affects male hormone levels, reduced their chances of getting prostate cancer by nearly 25 percent compared to men who took a placebo, according to results of a national study released today online by the New England Journal of Medicine. Questions and Answers 8

Se encuentra el primer medicamento para la prevención del cáncer de próstata, aunque no todos los hombres se benefician: El NCI anuncia los resultados del Estudio de Prevención del Cáncer de Próstata (PCPT) 9
(Publicación: 06/24/2003) - Los hombres que tomaron finasterida, un medicamento que afecta las concentraciones de hormona masculina, redujeron en cerca de un veinticinco por ciento su probabilidad de tener cáncer de próstata, comparados con quienes tomaron placebo, según los resultados de un estudio nacional divulgado hoy en línea por el New England Journal of Medicine.
Questions & Answers
Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT) 10
(Reviewed: 05/18/2008) - A fact sheet about the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT), which found that 25 percent fewer men taking the drug finasteride developed prostate cancer than men not taking the drug but that men who developed prostate cancer while taking finasteride were more likely to have high-grade cancers.

Estudio de Prevención del Cáncer de Próstata (PCPT) 11
(Revisión: 06/06/2008) - El Estudio de Prevención del Cáncer de Próstata (PCPT) fue diseñado para ver si el fármaco finasterida podía prevenir contra el cáncer de próstata. 25 por ciento menos hombres de los que tomaron el fármaco presentaron cáncer de próstata en comparación con quienes no lo tomaron. Sin embargo, quienes presentaron cáncer de próstata mientras tomaban finasterida tuvieron más probabilidad de que el cáncer fuera de grado elevado, el cual se puede diseminar rápidamente aunque los tumores sean pequeños. Hoja informativa 4.8s del Instituto Nacional del Cáncer.
NCI Cancer Bulletin
Finasteride Not Linked to High-Grade Prostate Cancers 12
According to two studies in the September 11, 2007, issue of the Journal of the National Cancer Institute, finasteride is unlikely to induce high-grade prostate cancers in men who take the drug to prevent the disease.

Prostate Cancer Risk Calculator Available Online 13
Researchers have developed an online statistical tool for estimating an individual's risk of developing prostate cancer. The risk calculator is designed to help certain men and their physicians evaluate the potential risks and benefits of being screened for prostate cancer.

Prostate Cancer PSA Testing Limitations Demonstrated 14
A large-scale study of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening for prostate cancer concluded that, contrary to current clinical practice, there is no definitive "cutpoint" PSA level to determine the level of risk for the disease, according to the July 6, 2005, issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association.

NCI Communicates Information on First Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial 15
An article in the July-August, 2004, issue of Urologic Oncology describes the communication techniques used by NCI to deliver information to the public about the results of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT).

No "Magic Threshold" for PSA Screening, Study Finds 16
Data from the National Cancer Institute's (NCI) Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT) published recently showed that a substantial number of men enrolled in the trial as controls were found to have prostate cancer despite consistently normal screening tests over the study period. The study results were published in the May 27, 2004, New England Journal of Medicine.

Studies Make Case for Finasteride to Prevent Prostate Cancer 17
Three new analyses of data from a large prostate cancer prevention trial bolster the case for finasteride as a preventive agent against prostate cancer, according to an article published online May 18, 2008, by the journal Cancer Prevention Research.
PCPT Publications

The following citations are of reports that have been published in the scientific literature concerning the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT). The citations are listed in reverse chronological order.

2007 Publications

Detection bias due to the effect of finasteride on prostate volume: a modeling approach for analysis of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial 18

  • Authors: YC Cohen, KS Liu, NL Heyden, AC Carides, KM Anderson, AG Daifotis, PH Gann
  • Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute 99(18):1366-1374. (2007).

Finasteride and high-grade prostate cancer in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial 19

  • Authors: SM Lucia, JI Epstein, PJ Goodman, AK Darke, VE Reuter, F Civantos, CM Tangen, HL Parnes, SM Lippman, FG LaRosa, MW Kattan, ED Crawford, LG Ford, CA Coltman Jr., IM Thompson
  • Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute 99(18): 1375-1383. (2007).

Prediction of prostate cancer for patients receiving finasteride: results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial 20

  • Authors: IM Thompson, D Pauler Ankerst, C Chi, PJ Goodman, CM Tangen, SM Lippman, MS Lucia, HL Parnes, CA Coltman, Jr.
  • Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology 25(21):3076-3081. (2007).

Longitudinal analysis of sexual function reported by men in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial 21

  • Authors: CM Moinpour, AK Darke, GW Donaldson, IM Thompson, C Langley, DP Ankerst, DL Patrick, JE Ware, PA Ganz, SA Shumaker, SM Lippman, CA Coltman, Jr.
  • Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute 99(13):1025-1035. (2007).

Race/ethnicity, obesity, health related behaviors and the risk of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia: results from the prostate cancer prevention trial 22

  • Authors: AR Kristal, KB Arnold, JM Schenk, ML Neuhouser, N Weiss, P Goodman, CM Antvelink, DF Penson, IM Thompson
  • Journal: Journal of Urology 177(4):1395-1400. (2007).

Longitudinal analysis of sexual function reported by men in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial 21

  • Authors: CM Moinpour, AK Darke, GW Donaldson, IM Thompson, C Langley, DP Ankerst, DL Patrick, JE Ware, PA Ganz, SA Shumaker, SM Lippman, CA Coltman, Jr.
  • Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute 99 (13): 1025-1035. (2007).

2006 Publications

The prostate cancer prevention trial: design, biases and interpretation of study results 23

  • Authors: PJ Goodman, IM Thompson, CM Tangen, JJ Crowley, LG Ford, CA Coltman, Jr.
  • Journal: Journal of Urology 175 (6): 2234-2242. (2006).

Effect of finasteride on the sensitivity of PSA for detecting prostate cancer 24

  • Authors: IM Thompson, C Chi, DP Ankerst, PJ Goodman, CM Tangen, SM Lippman, MS Lucia, HL Parnes, CA Coltman, Jr.
  • Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute 98(16):1128-1133. (2006).

Assessing prostate cancer risk: results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial 25

  • Authors: IM Thompson, DP Ankerst, C Chi, PJ Goodman, CM Tangen, MS Lucia, Z Feng, HL Parnes, CA Coltman, Jr.
  • Journal: Journal of the National Cancer Institute 98(8):529-534. (2006).

2005 Publications

Long-term effects of finasteride on prostate specific antigen levels: results from the prostate cancer prevention trial 26

  • Authors: RD Etzioni, N Howlader, PA Shaw, DP Ankerst, DF Penson, PJ Goodman, IM Thompson
  • Journal: Journal of Urology 174(3):877-881. (2005).

Operating characteristics of prostate-specific antigen in men with an initial PSA level of 3.0 ng/ml or lower 27

  • Authors: IM Thompson, DP Ankerst, C Chi, MS Lucia, PJ Goodman, JJ Crowley, HL Parnes, CA Coltman, Jr.
  • Journal: Journal of the American Medical Association 294(1):66-70. (2005).

Estimated impact of the prostate cancer prevention trial on population mortality 28

  • Authors: JM Unger; IM Thompson; M LeBlanc; JJ Crowley; PJ Goodman; LG Ford; CA Coltman, Jr.
  • Journal: Cancer 103(7):1375-1380. (2005).

Pathological assessment of high grade tumors in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT)

  • Authors: MS Lucia; A Darke; P Goodman; C Tangen; CA Coltman; IM Thompson.
  • Journal: Journal of Urology 173(4):451 (#1664). (2005).

Prostate specific antigen (PSA) as a predictor of adverse pathological features at prostatectomy in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT)

  • Authors: MS Lucia; P Goodman; C Tangen; CA Coltman; IM Thompson.
  • Journal: Journal of Urology 173(4):143 (#525). (2005).

The performance characteristics of prostate-specific antigen

  • Authors: IM Thompson; DP Ankerst; C Chi; P Goodman; C Tangen; CA Coltman, Jr.
  • Journal: Journal of Urology 173(4):143 (#526). (2005).

2004 Publications

Implementation of the prostate cancer prevention trial (PCPT) 29

  • Authors: PJ Goodman; CM Tangen; JJ Crowley; SM Carlin; A Ryan; CA Coltman, Jr.; LG Ford; IM Thompson.
  • Journal: Controlled Clinical Trials 2:203-222. (2004).

Prevalence of prostate cancer among men with a prostate-specific antigen level < 4.0 ng per milliliter 30

  • Authors: IM Thompson; DK Pauler; PJ Goodman; CM Tangen; MS Lucia; HL Parnes; LM Minasian; LG Ford; SM LIppman; ED Crawford; JJ Crowley; CA Coltman Jr.
  • Journal: New England Journal of Medicine 350(22):2239-2246. (2004).

Prostate cancer chemoprevention: an overview of United States trials 31

  • Authors: A Barqawi; IM Thompson; ED Crawford.
  • Journal: Journal of Urology 171:S5-S9. (2004).

The person-years saved model and other methodologies for assessing the population impact of cancer-prevention strategies 32

  • Authors: JM Unger; M LeBlanc; IM Thompson; CA Coltman, Jr.
  • Journal: Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations 22:362-368. (2004).

2003 Publications

The influence of finasteride on the development of prostate cancer 33

  • Authors: IM Thompson; PJ Goodman; CM Tangen; MS Lucia; GJ Miller; LG Ford; MM Lieber; RD Cespedes; JN Atkins; SM Lippman; SM Carlin; A Ryan; CM Szczepanek; JJ Crowley; CA Coltman, Jr.
  • Journal: New England Journal of Medicine 349:215-224. (2003).

The prostate cancer prevention trial: design, status, and promise 34

  • Authors: IM Thompson; C Tangen; P Goodman.
  • Journal: World Journal of Urology 21:28-30. (2003).

2002 Publications

Biomarker-based methods for determining noncompliance in a prevention trial. 35

  • Authors: DK Pauler, KB Gower, PJ Goodman, JJ Crowley, IM Thompson.
  • Journal: Controlled Clinical Trials 23:675-685. (2002).

Energy from fat is associated with obesity in US men: results from the prostate cancer prevention trial. 36

  • Authors: J Satia-Abouta, RE Patterson, RN Schiller, AR Kristal.
  • Journal: Preventive Medicine 34:493-501. (2002).

2001 Publications

The prostate cancer prevention trial: current status and lessons learned. 37

  • Authors: IM Thompson, M Kouril, EA Klein, CA Coltman, A Ryan, P Goodman.
  • Journal: Urology 57(Suppl.4A):230-234. (2001).

Promoting adherence to the prostate cancer prevention trial end of study biopsy requirement. (Abstract not available online)

  • Authors: AM Ryan, P Goodman, S Hill, C Moinpour.
  • Journal: Controlled Clinical Trials 22(2S):88S(#P71). (2001).

Dietary supplement use in the prostate cancer prevention trial: implications for prevention trials. 38

  • Authors: ML Neuhouser, AR Kristal, RE Patterson, PJ Goodman, IM Thompson.
  • Journal: Nutrition and Cancer 39(1):12-18. (2001).

2000 Publications

Letter to the Editor: RE: RE: Chemoprevention of urological cancer. 39

  • Authors: IM Thompson, CA Coltman.
  • Journal: Journal of Urology 164(4):1321-1322. (2000).

Profile of men randomized to the prostate cancer prevention trial: Baseline health-related quality of life, urinary and sexual functioning, and health behaviors. 40

  • Authors: CM Moinpour, L Lovato, IM Thompson, JE Ware, PA Ganz, DL Patrick, SA Shumaker, GW Donaldson, A Ryan, CA Coltman.
  • Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology 18(9):1942-1953. (2000).

Television and news print media are effective in recruiting potential participants in a prostate cancer chemoprevention trial. (Abstract not available online)

  • Authors: TDK Chung, II Park, L Ignacio, R Catchatourian, MA Kopnick, E Davison, G Conrad, AM Awan, ED Crawford, S Vijayakumar.
  • Journal: International Journal of Cancer 90:302-304. (2000).

Minority recruitment in the prostate cancer prevention trial. (Abstract not available online)

  • Authors: CM Moinpour, JO Atkinson, SM Thomas, S Millon-Underwood, C Harvey, J Parzuchowski, LC Lovato, AM Ryan, S Hill, E DeAntoni, ER Gritz, IM Thompson, Jr, CA Coltman, Jr.
  • Journal: Annals of Epidemiology 10(S8):S85-S91. (2000).

1999 Publications

Letters to the Editor: The effect of finasteride on the prostate gland in men with elevated serum prostate-specific antigen level. 41

  • Author: CA Coltman.
  • Journal: British Journal of Cancer 81(1):184-185. (1999).

Validity of short food frequency questionnaires used in cancer chemoprevention trials: results from the prostate cancer prevention trial. (Abstract not available online)

  • Authors: ML Neuhouser, AR Kristal, D McLerran, RE Patterson, J Atkinson.
  • Journal: Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 8:721-725. (1999).

Prostate cancer prevention trial (PCPT) update. 42

  • Authors: CA Coltman Jr, IM Thompson Jr, P Feigl.
  • Journal: European Urology 35:544-547. (1999).

1998 Publications

Army and Air Force leadership in the prostate cancer prevention trial. 43

  • Authors: J Allerton, T Seay, S Optenberg, CA Coltman Jr, B Higgins, I Thompson, L Lovato.
  • Journal: Urology 51(Suppl.4A):64-66. (1998).

1997 Publications

Chemoprevention of prostate cancer: The prostate cancer prevention trial. 44

  • Authors: IM Thompson, CA Coltman Jr, J Crowley.
  • Journal: The Prostate 33:217-221. (1997).

Data operations management with clinical datafax: The prostate cancer prevention trial (PCPT) experience. (Abstract not available online)

  • Authors: AM Ryan, L Emel, P Goodman.
  • Journal: Controlled Clinical Trials 18(S3)(#P74):156S. (1997).

Utility of the enrollment period in the prostate cancer prevention trial (PCPT). (Abstract not available online)

  • Authors: PJ Goodman, L Lovato, A Ryan, J Crowley, C Moinpour, I Thompson.
  • Journal: Controlled Clinical Trials 18(S3)(#19):52S. (1997).

1996 Publications

Prostate cancer prevention trial. (Abstract not available online)

  • Author: BH Zoltick.
  • Presented at the AUAA Annual Assembly-Orlando Florida May 4-7 :. (1996).

Screening for prostate cancer: Opportunities for prevention. (Abstract not available online)

  • Authors: IM Thompson, CA Coltman Jr.
  • Journal: Seminars in Urologic Oncology 14(2)(Suppl.2):4-11. (1996).

The prostate cancer prevention trial: Efforts to increase the recruitment of minority participants. (Abstract not available online)

  • Author: CM Moinpour.
  • Poster for Conf on the Recruit and Retention of Min Parts in CCR 1/26-27/96 :. (1996).

1995 Publications

Chemoprevention of prostate cancer with finasteride: An Intergroup trial. (Abstract not available online)

  • Authors: CA Coltman Jr, P Feigl, IM Thompson.
  • Journal: Cancer Investigation 13(Suppl.1):43(#36). (1995).

Chemoprevention of prostate cancer with finasteride. 45

  • Authors: I Thompson, P Feigl, C Coltman.
  • Journal: Important Advances in Oncology, JB Lippincott Co :57-76. (1995).

Chemoprevention of prostate cancer. 46

  • Authors: IM Thompson, CA Coltman, OW Brawley, A Ryan.
  • Journal: Seminars in Urology 13(2):122-129. (1995).

Design of the prostate cancer prevention trial (PCPT). 47

  • Authors: P Feigl, B Blumenstein, I Thompson, J Crowley, M Wolf, BS Kramer, CA Coltman Jr, OW Brawley, LG Ford.
  • Journal: Controlled Clinical Trials 16:150-163. (1995).

1994 Publications

Chemoprevention of prostate cancer with finasteride, an Intergroup trial. (Abstract not available online)

  • Authors: CA Coltman Jr, J Unger, IM Thompson.
  • Journal: Annals of Oncology [Corrigendum6(6)621-1995]5(Suppl.8):65(#P324). (1994).

Prostate cancer prevention: Risk reduction through life-style, diet, and chemoprevention. 48

  • Authors: KE Greco, L Kulawiak.
  • Journal: Oncology Nursing Forum 21(9):1504-1511. (1994).

The prostate cancer prevention trial. A low-risk, high-accrual study. (Abstract not available online)

  • Author: J O'Connor.
  • Journal: Oncology Issues 9(5):20-24. (1994).
Multimedia

The following links will take you to multimedia related to the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial:


Table of Links

1http://www.cancer.gov/clinical_trials/doc.aspx?viewid=e47ece98-449a-45dd-8cf3-8
dbfb7b70405
2http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/prostate
3http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/prostate/healthprofessional
4http://www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials/SWOG-9217
5https://swog.org/Members/download/bulletinboard/Article163.pdf
6http://www.cancer.gov/newscenter/pressreleases/PCPTPSA
7http://www.cancer.gov/newscenter/pressreleases/PCPTresults
8http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/pcptqa
9http://www.cancer.gov/espanol/noticias/estudio-clinico-PCPT
10http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/prevention/pcpt
11http://www.cancer.gov/espanol/hojasinformativas/pcpt
12http://www.cancer.gov/ncicancerbulletin/NCI_Cancer_Bulletin_091107/page4
13http://www.cancer.gov/ncicancerbulletin/NCI_Cancer_Bulletin_042506/page5
14http://www.cancer.gov/ncicancerbulletin/NCI_Cancer_Bulletin_071905/page4
15http://www.cancer.gov/ncicancerbulletin/NCI_Cancer_Bulletin_081704/page5#c
16http://www.cancer.gov/ncicancerbulletin/NCI_Cancer_Bulletin_060104/page2
17http://www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials/results/PCPT0608
18http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17848668
19http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17848673
20http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17634486
21http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17596576
22http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17382740
23http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16697846
24http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16912265
25http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16622122
26http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16093979
27http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15998892
28http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15739207
29http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15020037
30http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15163773
31http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14713745
32http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15283898
33http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12824459
34http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12756491
35http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12505245
36http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11969348
37http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11295634
38http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11588893
39http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10992404
40http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10784636
41http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10487632
42http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10325520
43http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9586599
44http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9365551
45http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7672814
46http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7638469
47http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7540965
48http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7816677
49http://cancer.gov/images/Documents/52af7b15-5d05-4739-a28e-50cb49916753/PCPT
pills.jpg
50http://cancer.gov/images/Documents/52af7b15-5d05-4739-a28e-50cb49916753/PCPTcan
cersDetected.jpg
51http://cancer.gov/images/Documents/52af7b15-5d05-4739-a28e-50cb49916753/PCPTloc
ations.jpg
52http://cancer.gov/images/Documents/52af7b15-5d05-4739-a28e-50cb49916753/PCPTgle
asonScore.jpg
53http://cancer.gov/images/Documents/52af7b15-5d05-4739-a28e-50cb49916753/PCPTest
imatedBenefit.jpg
54http://cancer.gov/images/Documents/52af7b15-5d05-4739-a28e-50cb49916753/PCPTsch
ema.jpg